{"id":6017,"date":"2021-02-21T23:27:15","date_gmt":"2021-02-21T22:27:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fipwarriors.eu\/?p=6017"},"modified":"2023-03-29T09:50:16","modified_gmt":"2023-03-29T07:50:16","slug":"chrania-domace-zvierata-svojich-majitelov-v-ere-covid-19","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fipwarriors.eu\/en\/chrania-domace-zvierata-svojich-majitelov-v-ere-covid-19\/","title":{"rendered":"Do pets protect their owners in the COVID-19 era?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pôvodný článok: Do pets protect their owners in the COVID-19 era?<\/a>; 12.5.2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jan Jurgiel, Krzysztof J. Filipiak, Łukasz Szarpak, Miłosz Jaguszewski, Jacek Smereka, Tomasz Dzieciątkowskig<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Úvod<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

K prepuknutiu nákazy COVID-19 a globálnemu šíreniu choroby spôsobenej SARS-CoV-2 došlo koncom roka 2019 v čínskom Wu-chane [1]<\/sup>. Po infikovaní viac ako 120 000 ľudí a takmer 5 000 mŕtvych to Svetová zdravotnícka organizácia oznámila ako globálne kontrolovateľnú pandémiu [2]<\/sup>. V apríli 2020 počet prípadov presiahol 2 milióny a infekcia sa rozšírila do viac ako 180 krajín [3], [4]<\/sup>. Ľudské koronavírusy (HCoV) boli pôvodcom nielen súčasnej pandémie, ale aj epidémií SARS a MERS, ktoré infikovali a pripravili o život tisíce ľudí [5], [6]<\/sup>. Virologické a genetické štúdie potvrdili, že netopiere boli hostiteľmi oboch vírusov, ktoré sa ďalej šírili cibetkami a dromedármi [7], [8], [9]<\/sup>. Posledné štúdie naznačujú, že zdrojom rôznych koronavírusov môžu byť špecifické druhy zvierat: netopiere pre alfa- a beta- koronavírusy, vtáky pre gamma- a delta- koronavírusy a hlodavce pre predchodcu beta- koronavírusu línie A [10], [11], [12]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Infekcia nepostihuje len divoké zvieratá a existuje veľa známych kmeňov, ktoré ovplyvňujú hospodárske a domáce zvieratá [13]<\/sup>. Príznaky spôsobené koronavírusmi závisia od typu kmeňa; môžu zahŕňať gastrointestinálne ochorenia (hnačky, zvracanie, anorexia), ochorenia dýchacích ciest (dyspnoe, kašeľ, sipot) a iné. Živočíšny pôvod nového koronavírusu viedol k diskusii o možnom prenose choroby kontaktom s domácimi zvieratami. Všeobecný strach sa ešte zvýšil po potvrdení SARS-CoV-2 u tigra v zoologickej záhrade v Bronxe [14]<\/sup>. Svetová zdravotnícka organizácia v snahe čeliť týmto obavám sa odvolala na nedostatok dôkazov o šírení nového koronavírusu zo spoločenských zvierat na ľudí [15]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Empirické pozorovania ukazujú, že prítomnosť domácich zvierat môže mať pozitívny vplyv na priebeh COVID-19. Neoficiálne dôkazy sa snažia argumentovať tým, že COVID-19 iba veľmi zriedkavo postihuje veterinárnych lekárov. Lekárka Sabina Olex-Condor, španielska lekárka v Madride, v rozhovore naznačila, že mierny priebeh je častejší u pacientov vlastniacich domáce zvieratá (k dispozícii na: www.vetnolimits.com; www.psy.pl; www.plus.gloswielkopolski.pl ). Korelácia medzi vlastníctvom domácich zvierat a miernym priebehom COVID-19 sa zatiaľ nepotvrdila. V našej štúdii sme prešli množstvo literatúry a pokúsili sme sa nájsť možné vysvetlenie tohto javu. Predpokladáme, že kontakt so zvieracími koronavírusmi by mohol viesť k stimulácii imunitného systému, čím sa vytvorí účinná reakcia na infekciu SARS-CoV-2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Výskyt zvieracieho koronavírusu u domácich zvierat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Možný pozitívny vplyv vlastníctva zvieraťa je možné zvážiť, ak je prítomnosť zvieracích koronavírusov v populácii domácich miláčikov vysoká. Preto sme študovali práce prezentujúce výskyt zvieracích koronavírusov. V našej analýze sa zameriavame na psy, a to z dvoch dôvodov: 1) sú to najbežnejšie druhy chované ako domáce zvieratá [16]<\/sup>, 2) psie koronavírusy sa môžu ľahko prenášať na človeka prostredníctvom kvapiek. Mačacie koronavírusy sa detegujú aj u mačiek, ale ich príznaky súvisia hlavne s gastrointestinálnym traktom alebo sú pôvodcom neobvyklej a zvyčajne smrteľnej abnormálnej imunitnej odpovede na vírusovú infekciu, ale prenos zo zvieraťa na človeka je veľmi obmedzený [17]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tabuľka 1 ukazuje mieru detekcie u psov. Podľa štúdií je detekcia psích respiračných koronavírusov (CrCoV) ustálená od 7,5% do 54,7%. Štúdie s najvýznamnejšou vzorkou (Priestnal a kol. 2006 a More a kol. 2020) preukázali detekciu: 54,7% pre Severnú Ameriku, 36,0% pre Spojené kráľovstvo a 53,0% pre Nový Zéland.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autor<\/th>Počet vzoriek (n)<\/th>Miera detekcie<\/th>Metóda<\/th>Región<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Priestnal et al. (2006) [18]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>1000
824<\/td>		54.7%
36.0%<\/td>		Sérologické testovanie<\/td>Severná Amerika
UK<\/td><\/tr>
More et al. (2020) [19]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>1015<\/td>53.0%<\/td>Sérologické testovanie<\/td>Nový Zéland<\/td><\/tr>
Priestnal et al. (2007) [20]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>490<\/td>23.3%<\/td>Sérologické testovanie<\/td>Taliansko<\/td><\/tr>
An et al. (2010) [21]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>483<\/td>12.8%<\/td>Sérologické testovanie<\/td>Kórea<\/td><\/tr>
Hielb et al. (2019) [22]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>264<\/td>7.5%<\/td>Sérologické testovanie<\/td>Rakúsko<\/td><\/tr>
Knesl et al. (2009) [23]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>251<\/td>29.0%<\/td>Sérologické testovanie<\/td>Nový Zéland<\/td><\/tr>
Mitchell et al. (2017) [24]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>247<\/td>47.0%
7.7%<\/td>		Sérologické testovanie<\/td>Európa<\/td><\/tr>
Decarao et al. (2007) [25]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>215<\/td>32.0%<\/td>Sérologické testovanie<\/td>Taliansko<\/td><\/tr>
Schulz et al. (2014) [26]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>151<\/td>9.8%<\/td>Molekulárne testovanie<\/td>Nemecko<\/td><\/tr>
Erles et al. (2003) [27]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>119<\/td>37.0%<\/td>Molekulárne testovanie<\/td>UK<\/td><\/tr>
Erles et Brownlie [28]<\/a><\/sup>(2005)<\/td>113<\/td>38.9%<\/td>Sérologické testovanie<\/td>UK<\/td><\/tr>
Sowman et al. (2018) [29]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>93<\/td>50.5%<\/td>Sérologické testovanie<\/td>Nový Zéland<\/td><\/tr>
Wille et al. (2020) [30]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>88<\/td>14.7%<\/td>Molekulárne testovanie<\/td>Švédsko<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Tabuľka 1
Súhrn štúdií zisťujúcich výskyt koronavírusov u psov.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dáta ukazujú, že výskyt CrCoV je u psov vysoký, čo môže naznačovať, že ľudia, ktorí majú domáce zviera, môžu mať častejší kontakt s rôznymi typmi psích koronavírusov. Pretože infikované domáce zvieratá nemusia mať príznaky, kontakt majiteľov s patogénmi môže byť bezpríznakový[31]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Krížová reaktivita a mobilizácia imunitného systému<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ľudský imunitný systém bojuje proti rôznym vírusovým infekciám tromi cestami: 1) sprostredkovanou interferónom, 2) sprostredkovanou cytotoxickými bunkami a 3) sprostredkovanou protilátkami [32]<\/sup>. V prvej ide o interferón, ktorý poskytuje účinnú imunitnú reakciu aktiváciou NK-buniek a makrofágov<\/a>, potlačením produkcie vírusových proteínov a reguláciou prezentácie antigénu T-lymfocytom<\/a>. V druhej môžu cytotoxické bunky priamo zabíjať hostiteľské bunky infikované vírusom pomocou špecifických receptorov a enzýmov, čím zastavia ďalšiu infekciu [33]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zastavenie infekcie sprostredkované protilátkami je možné uskutočniť rôznymi mechanizmami: aglutináciou, fagocytózou<\/a> alebo komplementovou systémovou degradáciou, ale všetky sú stimulované opsonizáciou protilátok [32]<\/sup>. Účinnosť tohto procesu súvisí so špecifickosťou protilátky<\/a> – schopnosťou protilátky rozlišovať medzi podobnými a odlišnými antigénmi. Avšak v dôsledku skríženej reaktivity môžu protilátky reagovať na iný antigén<\/a> v dôsledku podobnosti jeho štruktúr [34]<\/sup>. Reakcia na podobný antigén môže viesť k účinnej imunitnej ochrane, ako keby sa uskutočnila proti primárnemu cieľu. Krížová reaktivita súvisí so stupňom podobnosti primárneho antigénu s druhým, napríklad: neutralizačné protilátky proti „starému“ SARS-CoV majú miernu väzbovú silu k novému koronavírusu SARS-CoV-2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Genóm koronavírusov kóduje štyri štrukturálne a šestnásť neštrukturálnych proteínov, približne [35], [36]<\/sup>. Spike proteíny (S-proteín) sú štrukturálne proteíny, ktoré rozpoznávajú a pripájajú sa k ACE2 umiestnenému na bunkovej membráne epitelu dýchacích ciest a pľúcnom parenchýme. Vo svojej štúdii Tilocca a kolegovia sekvenovali aminokyselinovú sekvenciu SARS-CoV-2 a porovnali ju so sekvenciami odvodenými od iných zvieracích koronavírusov [37]<\/sup>. Analýza ukázala, že podobnosť celej sekvencie medzi SARS-CoV-2 a psím respiračným koronavírusom (CrCoV) je 36,39% (porovnanie proteínu GI QHR63290 s QAY30030). Ďalšie skúmanie sekvencie epitopu však ukazuje vysokú homológiu: 57,14%, 80,00%, 83,33% a 100,00% v CrCoV epitopoch: 789–799, 754–764, 424–437 a 1139–1152. Na základe údajov predpokladáme, že opakovaný kontakt so zvieracími koronavírusmi môže viesť k imunizácii. Tento účinok bol potvrdený experimentálnymi štúdiami. Výskum vedený Luom a kolegami ukázal, že nukleokapsidový proteín odvodený z CrCoV a exprimovaný v E. coli vykazoval antigénnu skríženú reaktivitu s antisérami proti ľudským koronavírusom [38]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ďalej Zhao a kolektív navrhujú ešte jedno vysvetlenie ochranného účinku kontaktu so zoonotickými koronavírusmi [39]<\/sup>. Krížová reaktivita s T-lymfocytmi môže vyvolať imunitnú odpoveď. Pamäťové T-lymfocyty CD4 + na epiteli dýchacích ciest môžu účinne produkovať interferón-gama, čo vedie k aktivácii ďalších buniek a účinnej reakcii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pacienti, ktorí vlastnia domáce zvieratá, teda mohli mať mierny priebeh infekcie SARS-CoV-2, ako bolo pozorované v Španielsku. Opakovaný kontakt s patogénmi môže fungovať ako imunitná mobilizácia proti SARS-CoV-2 mnohými rôznymi cestami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Závery<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
  1. U psov sa často vyskytujú psie respiračné koronavírusy.<\/li>
  2. Vlastníctvo zvieraťa môže viesť ku kontaktu s koronavírusmi psov.<\/li>
  3. Opakovaný kontakt s koronavírusmi psov môže stimulovať ľudský imunitný systém a poskytnúť účinnú reakciu na SARS-COV-2.<\/li>
  4. Je potrebné ďalšie preskúmanie korelácie medzi vlastníctvom domácich miláčikov a priebehom COVID-19. Takéto údaje, aj keď spätne získané, sa oplatí analyzovať.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

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